The SA Journal Diabetes & Vascular Disease Volume 20 No 1 (June 2023)

SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE RESEARCH ARTICLE VOLUME 20 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2023 15 Acknowledgement We gratefully acknowledge Dr Rodolph Amhed, managing director of the Centre Médical de Kinshasa for granting us permission to conduct this study in CMK. References 1. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Buoncristiani E, Campese VM. Increased cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance: a 13-year follow-up. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18(4): 314–319. 2. Castello Brescane R. The prognostic significance of left ventricular geometry: fantasy or reality? Rev Esp Cardiol 2009; 62(3): 235–238. 3. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(33): 3021–3104. 4. Bakris G, Ali W, Parati G. ACC/AHA versus ESC/ESH on hypertension guidelines: JACC guideline comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73(23): 3018–3026. 5. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/ NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018; 71(6): 1269–1324. 6. Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O’Grady M J, Welty TK, et al. Relationship of impaired glucose tolerance to left ventricular structure and function: The Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 2001; 141(6): 992–998. 7. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O’Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, et al. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation 2000; 101(19): 2271–2276. 8. Cardona-Munoz EG, Cardona-Muller D, Totsuka-Sutto S, Nuno-Guzman CM, Pascoe-Gonzalez S, Romero-Prado M, et al. [Association of hyperinsulinemia with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension]. Rev Med Chil 2007; 135(9): 1125–1131. 9. Yu W, Chen C, Fu Y, Wang X, Wang W. Insulin signaling: a possible pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28(2): 101–105. 10. Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling – concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35(3): 569–582. 11. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322(22): 1561–1566. 12. De Simone G. Concentric or eccentric hypertrophy: how clinically relevant is the difference? Hypertension 2004; 43(4): 714–715. 13. Devereux RB, Reichek N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977; 55(4): 613–618. 14. Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Nutrition 1989; 5(5): 303–311; discussion 12–13. 15. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16(3): 233–270. 16. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29(4): 277–314. 17. Kim SH, Moon JY, Lim YM, Kim KH, Yang WI, Sung JH, et al. Association of insulin resistance and coronary artery remodeling: an intravascular ultrasound study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14: 74. 18. Oktay AA, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO, Gilliland YE, Shah S, et al. Current perspectives on left ventricular geometry in systemic hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 59(3): 235–246. 19. Silbiger JJ. Pathophysiology and echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32(2): 216–32. 20. Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, Cardim N, Delgado V, Di Salvo G, et al. Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 18(12): 1301– 1310. 21. Nagueh SF. Left ventricular diastolic function: understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis with echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13(1 Pt 2): 228–244. 22. Witteles RM, Fowler MB. Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy clinical evidence, mechanisms, and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51(2): 93–102. 23. Velez M, Kohli S, Sabbah HN. Animal models of insulin resistance and heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19(1): 1–13. 24. Ouwens DM, Boer C, Fodor M, de Galan P, Heine RJ, Maassen JA, et al. Cardiac dysfunction induced by high-fat diet is associated with altered myocardial insulin signalling in rats. Diabetologia 2005; 48(6): 1229–1237. 25. Kota SK, Kota SK, Jammula S, Panda S, Modi KD. Effect of diabetes on alteration of metabolism in cardiac myocytes: therapeutic implications. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13(11): 1155–1160. 26. Goodwin GW, Taegtmeyer H. Improved energy homeostasis of the heart in the metabolic state of exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279(4): H1490– 1501. 27. Oakes ND, Thalen P, Aasum E, Edgley A, Larsen T, Furler SM, et al. Cardiac metabolism in mice: tracer method developments and in vivo application revealing profound metabolic inflexibility in diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290(5): E870–881. 28. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev 2005; 26(2): 19–39. 29. Reaven GM. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 1995; 75(3): 473–486. 30. Malfitano C, de Souza Junior AL, Carbonaro M, Bolsoni-Lopes A, Figueroa D, de Souza LE, et al. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in infarcted heart from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 2 weeks of tissue remodeling. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14: 149. 31. Su X, Abumrad NA. Cellular fatty acid uptake: a pathway under construction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20(2): 72–77. 32. Kolwicz SC, Jr, Purohit S, Tian R. Cardiac metabolism and its interactions with contraction, growth, and survival of cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2013; 113(5): 603– 616. 33. Wright JJ, Kim J, Buchanan J, Boudina S, Sena S, Bakirtzi K, et al. Mechanisms for increased myocardial fatty acid utilization following short-term high-fat feeding. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82(2): 351–360. 34. Carley AN, Severson DL. Fatty acid metabolism is enhanced in type 2 diabetic hearts. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1734(2): 112–126. 35. D’Souza K, Nzirorera C, Kienesberger PC. Lipid metabolism and signaling in cardiac lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016; 1861(10): 1513–1524. 36. Goldberg IJ, Trent CM, Schulze PC. Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart. Cell Metab 2012; 15(6): 805–812. SA’s #1 LOSARTAN1 ZARTAN 50, 100 mg. Each tablet contains 50, 100 mg losartan potassium respectively. S3 A41/7.1.3/0287, 0289. NAM NS2 08/7.1.3/0067, 0086. For full prescribing information, refer to the professional information approved by SAHPRA, 31 August 2019. ZARTAN CO 50/12,5, 100/25. Each tablet contains 50, 100 mg losartan potassium and 12,5, 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide respectively. S3 A42/7.1.3/1068, 1069. NAM NS2 12/7.1.3/0070, 0071. For full prescribing information, refer to the professional information approved by SAHPRA, 31 July 2019. 1) References available on request. ZNCG930/05/2023. CUSTOMER CARE LINE +27 21 707 7000 www.pharmadynamics.co.za in hypertension Treatment with Losartan protects patients beyond BP lowering e ects.1 holds rank

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=