The SA Journal Diabetes & Vascular Disease Volume 20 No 1 (June 2023)

RESEARCH ARTICLE SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE 8 VOLUME 20 NUMBER 1 • JUNE 2023 Conclusion The preventative effects of EMPA on the QT and QTc prolongation due to AMT, a tricyclic antidepressant, have been shown in our study. According to our research, this is the first study to show this benefit of EMPA, which can prevent AMT cardiotoxicity. We attribute these effects to the opposite effects of both molecules in the intracellular Ca balance. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that it is beneficial to use EMPA as an antidiabetic agent to prevent QT and QTc prolongation and concurrent arrhythmic events in diabetic patients with cardiovascular diseases when AMT is prescribed. In addition to these basic animal experiments, clinical research is needed to confirm this effect. Moreover, this study shows how EMPA could be beneficial in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Acknowledgements We thank Meltem Tuncer for her constructive comments. References 1. Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Sharp DE, et al. Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14: 83–90. 2. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2117–2128. 3. Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Wust RC, Fiolet JW, Stienen GJ, Coronel R, et al. Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na(+) through inhibition of the cardiac Na(+)/H(+) exchanger in rats and rabbits. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 568–573. 4. Lee TI, Chen YC, Lin YK, Chung CC, Lu YY, Kao YH, et al. Empagliflozin attenuates myocardial sodium and calcium dysregulation and reverses cardiac remodeling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20. 5. Kerr GW, McGuffie AC, Wilkie S. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a review. Emerg Med J 2001; 18: 236–241. 6. Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS, Caravati EM, Cobaugh DJ, Booze LL, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45: 203–233. 7. Barber MJ, Starmer CF, Grant AO. Blockade of cardiac sodium channels by amitriptyline and diphenylhydantoin. Evidence for two usedependent binding sites. Circ Res 1991; 69: 677–696. 8. Zima AV, Qin J, Fill M, Blatter LA. Tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline alters sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium handling in ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295: H2008–2016. 9. Blaber MS, Khan JN, Brebner JA, McColm R. ‘’Lipid rescue’’ for tricyclic antidepressant cardiotoxicity. J Emerg Med 2012; 43: 465–467. 10. Foianini A, Joseph Wiegand T, Benowitz N. What is the role of lidocaine or phenytoin in tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 325–330. 11. Mizuno M, Kuno A, Yano T, Miki T, Oshima H, Sato T, et al. Empagliflozin normalizes the size and number of mitochondria and prevents reduction in mitochondrial size after myocardial infarction in diabetic hearts. Physiol Rep 2018; 6: e13741. 12. Basol N, Erbas O. The effects of diltiazem and metoprolol in QTc prolongation due to amitriptyline intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35: 29–34. 13. Kulmatycki KM, Abouchehade K, Sattari S, Jamali F. Drug-disease interactions: reduced beta-adrenergic and potassium channel antagonist activities of sotalol in the presence of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133: 286–294. 14. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 1413–1424. 15. Bakris GL, Molitch M. Microalbuminuria as a risk predictor in diabetes: the continuing saga. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 867–875. 16. Bennett PB, Yazawa K, Makita N, George AL, Jr. Molecular mechanism for an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Nature 1995; 376: 683–685. 17. Cardoso CR, Ferreira MT, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of aortic stiffness in high-risk type 2 diabetic patients: the Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 3772–3778. 18. Cherney DZ, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, Har R, Fagan N, Johansen OE, et al. The effect of empagliflozin on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13: 28. 19. Connelly KA, Zhang Y, Visram A, Advani A, Batchu SN, Desjardins JF, et al. Empagliflozin improves diastolic function in a nondiabetic rodent model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4: 27–37. 20. Lee HC, Shiou YL, Jhuo SJ, Chang CY, Liu PL, Jhuang WJ, et al. The sodiumglucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin attenuates cardiac fibrosis and improves ventricular hemodynamics in hypertensive heart failure rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18: 45. 21. Santos-Gallego CG, Requena-Ibanez JA, San Antonio R, Ishikawa K, Watanabe S, Picatoste B, et al. Empagliflozin ameliorates adverse left ventricular remodeling in nondiabetic heart failure by enhancing myocardial energetics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73: 1931–1944. 22. Yurista SR, Sillje HHW, Oberdorf-Maass SU, Schouten EM, Pavez Giani MG, Hillebrands JL, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin improves cardiac function in non-diabetic rats with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21: 862–873. 23. Dinleyici EC, Kilic Z, Sahin S, Tutuncu-Toker R, Eren M, Yargic ZA, et al. Heart rate variability in children with tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. Cardiol Res Pract 2013; 2013: 196506. 24. Beach SR, Celano CM, Noseworthy PA, Januzzi JL, Huffman JC. QTc prolongation, torsades de pointes, and psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics 2013; 54: 1–13. 25. Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24: 205–214. 26. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Locati EH, Napolitano C, Cantu F, Towbin JA, et al. Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy. Circulation 1995; 92: 3381–3386. 27. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Schwarz KQ, Rosero S, McNitt S, Robinson JL. Ranolazine shortens repolarization in patients with sustained inward sodium current due to type-3 long-QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 1289–1293. 28. Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 2793–2867. 29. Ozgur Baris V, Dincsoy B, Gedikli E, Erdemb A. Empagliflozin significantly attenuates sotalol-induced QTc prolongation in rats. Kardiol Pol 2021; 79: 53–57. 30. Kaplan YC, Hocaoglu N, Oransay K, Kalkan S, Tuncok Y. Effect of glucagon on amitriptyline-induced cardiovascular toxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27: 321–325. 31. Akgun A, Kalkan S, Hocaoglu N, Gidener S, Tuncok Y. Effects of adenosine receptor antagonists on amitriptyline-induced QRS prolongation in isolated rat hearts. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 46: 677–685. 32. Oransay K, Kalkan S, Hocaoglu N, Arici A, Tuncok Y. An alternative antidote therapy in amitriptyline-induced rat toxicity model: theophylline. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34: 53–60. 33. Basol N, Aygun H, Gul SS. Beneficial effects of edaravone in experimental model of amitriptyline-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392: 1447–1453. 34. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Bohm M, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1451– 1461.

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=