SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE RESEARCH ARTICLE VOLUME 19 NUMBER 1 • July 2022 25 as well as a percentage of carotid restenosis up to one year postoperatively. Indication for CEA was set after CDS of the carotid artery and multislice (MSCT) angiography of supra-aortic branches. Carotid stenosis was ascertained according to the European carotid surgery trial (ECST) criteria, as well as by means of the criteria described by AbuRahma et al.13 Carotid stenosis was defined as significant (> 70% constriction) if systolic velocity was > 150 cm/s and diastolic velocity > 90 cm/s. Peri-operative neurological morbidity was classified as TIA lasting less than 24 hours or permanent stroke (deficiency present on discharge). An adverse post-operative cardiac event has been designated as a post-operative MI and congestive heart failure (CHF). Post-operative restenosis was defined as ultrasound-verified stenosis of the carotid artery on the operated side as larger than 50%. Patients with a history of disease of the coronary artery underwent stress tests and, in some cases, coronarography. Peripheral vascular disease was proven by means of CDS of the lower extremities and, if deemed necessary, using angiography. For evaluation of pre-operative neurological disorders, as well as post-operative neurological condition, a modified scale of Rankin scores was used, with a neurological damage estimate ranging from 0 to 5.14 The patients were operated on under general endotracheal anaesthesia. The CEA eversion technique was applied on all patients. All patients with post-operative complications underwent a computed tomography (CT) of the endocranium post-operatively. Statistical analysis The testing of statistical hypotheses made use of the t-test for two independent samples, Mann–Whitney test, chi-squared test and Fisher’s test of accurate probability. Logistic regression was used for analysing the relationship between binary outcomes and potential predictors. Statistical hypotheses were tested at the level of statistical significance (alpha level) of 0.05. Results The main characteristics are shown in Table 1. Group A (37.7%) consisted of 279 diabetic patients and group B (62,3%) comprised 461 non-diabetic subjects. Except for a slightly higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes (χ2 = 5.330; p = 0.021), patients with DM had more frequent coronary artery disease (χ2 = 15.090; p < 0.001) and more persistent peripheral arterial disease (χ2 = 20.607; p < 0.001). Other pre-operative characteristics for the two groups were similar and comparable. Post-operative complications are shown in Table 2. Neurological events (TIA) among patients with diabetes were 3.6% and among Table 1. Pre-operative characteristics of diabetics and non-diabetics Group A: Group B: diabetics non-diabetics Characteristics 279 (37.7%) 461 (62.3%) p-value Average age 67.5 ± 7.2 66.8 ± 7.5 NS Male, n (%) 165 (59.1) 278 (60.3) NS Female, n (%) 114 (40.9) 183 (39.7) NS Smoking, n (%) 169 (95.7) 257 (92.4) NS Hypertension, n (%) 267 (61.3) 426 (64.4) NS Dyslipidaemia, n (%) 265 (95.0) 416 (90.2) 0.021 Concomitant coronary disease, n (%) 89 (31.9) 89 (19.3) < 0.001 Concomitant peripheral disease, n (%) 70 (25.1) 56 (12.1) < 0.001 Previous MI, n (%) 38 (13.6) 30 (6.5) 0.001 Previous TIA, n (%) 10 (3.6) 4 (0.9) NS Previous CVI, n (%) 9 (3.2) 6 (1.3) NS Positive CT of endocranium 12 (4.66) 10 (2.17) NS MI, myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; CVI, cerebrovascular incident. Table 2. Post-operative complications in diabetics and non-diabetics after CEA Group A: Group B: Characteristics diabetics non-diabetics p-value Post-operative TIA, n (%) 10 (3.6) 4 (0.9) 0.009 Post-operative CVI, n (%) 9 (3.2) 6 (1.3) 0.072 CT ischaemic brain lesion, n (%) 11 (3.94) 8 (1.74) 0.424 Cranial nerves lesion, n (%) 2 (0.7) 4 (0.9) NS Myocardial infarction, n (%) 2 (0.7) 1 (0.2) 0.300 Congestive heart failure, n (%) 8 (2.9) 4 (0.9) 0.039 Post-operative respiratory complications, n (%) 8 (2.9) 3 (0.7) 0.024 Haematoma of operated wound, n (%) 10 (3.9) 11 (2.4) 0.341 Infection of operated wound, n (%) 5 (1.8) 0 (0.0) 0.007 Post-operative 50% restenosis, n (%) 5 (1.8) 10 (2.2) 0.724 TIA, transient ischaemic attack; CVI, cerebrovascular incident. BILOCOR 5, 10. Each tablet contains 5, 10 mg bisoprolol fumarate respectively. S3 A38/5.2/0053, 0051. NAM NS2 06/5.2/0061, 0062. For full prescribing information, refer to the professional information approved by SAHPRA, 23 July 2010. BILOCOR CO 2,5/6,25, 5/6,25, 10/6,25. Each tablet contains 2,5, 5, 10 mg bisoprolol fumarate respectively and 6,25 mg hydrochlorothiazide. S3 A44/7.1.3/1010, 1011, 1012. NAM NS2 13/7.1.3/0260, 0261, 0262. For full prescribing information, refer to the professional information approved by SAHPRA, 06 May 2019. BRF838/05/2022. www.pharmadynamics.co.za CUSTOMER CARE LINE +27 21 707 7000 Let the ßeat go on
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