RESEARCH ARTICLE SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE 6 VOLUME 19 NUMBER 1 • July 2022 50.5% in the 35–44 age group, 53.7% in the 45–54 age group and 61.5% in the 55–65 age group. Overall, women had a higher prevalence than men at all age groups, from the youngest to the oldest (Table 2). To assess the prevalence of individual components of the MetS, comparative levels of component risk among those classified with and without the MetS were also estimated. Additional analysis explored the risk factors among those who did not present with the MetS. Among men with the MetS, elevated TG level was the most prevalent risk factor at 80.3%, followed by elevated BP at 77.6%. The women with the MetS showed a 74.0% prevalence of low HDL-C levels, followed by elevated TG levels at 66.9% (Table 3). Discussion The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of the MetS among Batswana adults in Gaborone and surrounding villages of Tlokweng and Mogoditshane. The findings revealed a high prevalence of 32.7% among those sampled. Garrido et al.12 assessed the prevalence of the MetS among a group of Batswana healthcare workers at Kanye Seventh Day Adventist Hospital and reported a prevalence of 34%. Omech et al.13 also recently reported a prevalence of 27.1% among an outpatient population from two general medical out-patient clinics in Botswana. However, Garrido et al.12 and Omech et al.13 both applied the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel Table 1. Participants characteristics by gender Characteristics n All Men Women p-value Number (%) 800 384 (48) 416 (52) Age (years) 743 36.1 ± 8.9 36.3 ± 9.2 35.9 ± 8.6 0.583 BMI (kg/m2) 797 26.2 ± 5.7 24.2 ± 4.5 27.9 ± 6.1 < 0.001 Waist (cm) 794 85.1 ± 13.9 84.1 ± 13.3 86.0 ± 14.4 0.05 Hip (cm) 795 104.2 ± 12.8 99.6 ± 10.5 108.5 ± 13.3 < 0.001 WHR 794 0.82 ± 0.1 0.85 ± 0.11 0.79 ± 0.11 < 0.001 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 795 127.5 ± 16.9 130.4 ± 16.7 124.7 ± 16.6 < 0.001 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 795 78.8 ± 10.8 79.2 ± 11.0 78.5 ± 10.7 0.378 BMI (kg/m2) (%) 25 ≤ BMI < 30 232 29.1 15.1 31.0 < 0.001 BMI ≥ 30 192 24.1 13.0 34.4 < 0.001 Waist (men/women) (%) ≥ 94/80 cm 380 47.9 24.5 69.6 < 0.001 ≥ 102/88 cm* 230 29.0 11.0 45.7 < 0.001 WHR > 1.0/0.85 106 13.4 3.7 22.6 < 0.001 Elevated BP (≥ 130 | ≥ 85) (%) 355 44.7 50.3 39.4 0.002 Blood glucose (mmol/l) 779 5.3 ± 1.3 5.3 ± 1.2 5.4 ± 1.5 0.201 ≥ 5.6 mmol/l (%) 251 32.2 29.9 34.2 0.207 Blood cholesterol (mmol/l) Total triglycerides 785 1.9 ± 2.4 1.8 ± 1.0 2.0 ± 1.1 0.057 ≥ 1.7 mmol/l (%) 372 47.4 46.3 48.4 HDL-C 778 1.2 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.4 < 0.001 < 1.03/1.29 mmol/l (%) 384 49.4 48.7 50.0 Metabolic syndrome (%) 787 32.7 20.0 44.5 < 0.001 BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist–hip raito; BP: blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Table 2. Age- and gender-specific percentage prevalence of the MetS MetS Variables Men (n = 327) Women (n = 374) Age groups (years) n (%) n (%) 25–34 173 (26.6) 200 (39.0) 35–44 92 (41.3) 107 (50.5) 45–54 45 (46.7) 54 (53.7) 55–65 17 (52.9) 13 (61.5) Missing 34 (26.5) 17 (47.1) Total crude 361 (34.1) 391 (46.5) Age adjusted - (17.2) - (21.5) Table 3. Component-wise prevalence among participants with and without the MetS Component Total Without MetS With MetS p-value Number 756 449 307 Central obesity (%) 375 22.5 100.0 < 0.001 High triglycerides (%) 368 35.8 70.9 < 0.001 Low HDL-C (%) 383 36.8 75.2 < 0.001 Elevated BP (%) 348 33.6 66.4 < 0.001 High blood glucose 249 23.9 49.2 < 0.001 Male Number 363 240 123 Central obesity (%) 93 5.6 100.0 < 0.001 High triglycerides (%) 174 37.7 80.3 < 0.001 Low HDL-C (%) 182 41.5 76.3 < 0.001 Elevated BP (%) 189 42.8 77.6 < 0.001 High blood glucose (%) 110 25.5 47.9 < 0.001 Female Number 393 209 184 Central obesity (%) 282 45.1 100.0 < 0.001 High triglycerides (%) 194 33.3 66.9 < 0.001 Low HDL-C (%) 201 25.3 74.7 < 0.001 Elevated BP (%) 159 21.3 61.7 < 0.001 High blood glucose (%) 139 21.9 49.7 < 0.001 BP: blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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